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Golden billion

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The golden billion (Russian: золотой миллиард, romanized: zolotoy milliard) theory is a conspiracy theory that a cabal of global elites are pulling strings to amass wealth for the world's richest billion people at the expense of the rest of humanity. It is a popular term in the Russian-speaking world.[1][2][3][4][5]

The term was coined by Anatoly Tsikunov (writing as A. Kuzmich) in his articles in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. They were assembled in 1994 in the book The Plot of World Government: Russia and the Golden Billion. The term was popularized by Russian nationalist and writer Sergey Kara-Murza.[6]

Details

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According to Kara-Murza, the majority of all resources on the planet are consumed by the top billion people, which is also referred to as the 'Golden Billion'.[7] Kara-Murza posits that at the Earth Summit a conclusion was reached that resources would be sufficient only for near term needs of the population of the West[8] In the article which popularized the term, "Концепция "золотого миллиарда" и Новый мировой порядок",[note 1] Kara-Murza calls on the concept of a New World Order, a conspiracy theory associated with antisemitic tropes. Additionally, the term "мировой элиты" is used, which translates to "world elite" and has associations with other antisemitic conspiracies.[7][2][1]

According to Kara-Murza, it was Tsikunov who formulated the main idea of ​​the “Golden Billion”: developed countries maintain high levels of consumption for their citizens, and endorse political, military and economic measures designed to keep the rest of the world in an undeveloped state and as a raw-material appendage area for the dumping of hazardous waste and as a source of cheap labor.[7]

In his 1990 article, Tsikunov argued that there were only resources for one billion people, and by year 2000 due technological progress the world would be able to sustain only 2 billion people,[9] for this reason Western countries want to control Russia's resources due to lack of their own.[2] Those people outside of sustainable 2 billion population, according to Tsikunov, would be "artificially reduced", and the one billion people remaining in developing countries would be limited in their use of resources to subsistence levels, while only Westerners would be able to enjoy full material well-being.[9] To support his conspiracy theory, he used incorrect citations of documents from the UN, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and completely non-existent documents.[10]

Kara-Murza, following Tsikunov, in turn claims that the West is waging a hot-cold war against Russia for resources.[11]

Thus the story on the one hand follows ideas of Thomas Malthus, in its emphasis is on the scarcity of natural resources, on the other hand, is Russocentric. Whereas Malthus was mostly concerned with finite global crop yields, proponents of a "golden billion" are mostly concerned with finite natural resources such as fossil fuels and metal.

Counter-arguments

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Available data indicates that many countries are approaching consumption levels of developed countries.[12][13][14]

In his book The Ultimate Resource, Julian Simon claimed that scarcity of physical resources can be overcome by human ingenuity. For example, the argument of oil scarcity could be overcome by energy development, such as use of synthetic fuels.

Modern estimates indicate that mineral shortages are not a threat.[15][16] Resource usage trend analysis finds no imminent problems.[17]

Joel E. Cohen says that median estimation of all studies of limits to world population is 7.7 billion people, given current technology (at the time of estimation).[18]

Application to the Russian invasion of Ukraine

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During Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the concept has been used by leading Russian politicians including Vladimir Putin to justify the military invasion.[2] In May 2022, Nikolai Patrushev, secretary of the Security Council, accused "Anglo-Saxons"[note 2], of "hiding their actions behind the human rights, freedom and democracy rhetoric," while pushing ahead "with the ‘golden billion’ doctrine," which implies that only select few are entitled to prosperity in this world".[19] This statement was made shortly after being accused of unlawful deportation of population (children),[20] a war-crime under Article 49 of Fourth Geneva Convention.

In June 2022, speaking at the International Economic Forum, Vladimir Putin "reiterated his position that the Kremlin was 'forced' to initiate the invasion of Ukraine [...] 'Our colleagues do not simply deny reality,' Putin added. 'They are trying to resist the course of history. They think in terms of the last century. They are in captivity of their own delusions about countries outside of the so-called golden billion, they see everything else as the periphery, their backyard, they treat these places as their colonies, and they treat the peoples living there as second-class citizens, because they consider themselves to be exceptional.'”[21]

General use in Russia

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The conspiracy theory is widely used by the Russian authorities.[2][22] For example, in 2000, Vladimir Putin used the expression "golden billion" to explain the difference between the rich "Global North" and the poor "Global South" to participants in the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit.[23] [10] In 2022, Vladimir Putin cited this conspiracy theory to justify the introduction of sanctions against Russia that year, which were in fact introduced due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[2] The conspiracy theory of the "golden billion" was used in speeches by Mikhail Kovalchuk, Dmitry Medvedev, Nikolay Patrushev and Sergey Lavrov.[24][25][2][26] Putin and the aforementioned officials attribute a unified will to the "golden billion", and that allegedly some secret forces deliberately arranged for one part of the countries to remain in humiliating poverty.[27].

See also

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Conspiracy theories

Other concepts

Notes

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  1. ^ "The concept of the "golden billion" and the New World Order"
  2. ^ (a term colloquialized to refer to the United States and United Kingdom)

References

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  1. ^ a b Cherkaev, Xenia (May 16, 2022). "The Golden Billion: Russia, COVID, Murderous Global Elites". Anthropology and Humanism. 47 (2). New York City: Wiley: 387–393. doi:10.1111/anhu.12386. ISSN 1559-9167. PMC 9348499. PMID 35942196.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Taylor, Adam (July 22, 2022). "The apocalyptic vision behind Putin's 'golden billion' argument". The Washington Post.
  3. ^ Maynes, Charles (2022-11-21). "'Golden billion,' Putin's favorite conspiracy, explains his worldview and strategy". NPR. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  4. ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT of STATE Global Engagement Center (January 25, 2024). GEC Special Report. More Than a Century of Antisemitism: How Successive Occupants of the Kremlin Have Used Antisemitism to Spread Disinformation and Propaganda (PDF) (Report).
  5. ^ "The Specter of Immigration". Russia in Global Affairs. Archived from the original on May 1, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
  6. ^ Borenstein, Eliot (2019). Plots against Russia: Conspiracy and Fantasy after Socialism. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 97. ISBN 9781501735776.
  7. ^ a b c "Kara-Murza S. The Gold Billion". www.kara-murza.ru. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  8. ^ Кара-Мурза С. Манипуляция сознанием. М.: 2005, p. 499
  9. ^ a b Анатолий Цикунов. "А.Кузьмич, Россия и рынок".
  10. ^ a b АРТЕМ ЕФИМОВ. "#38. Золотой миллиард. Почему им всё, а нам ничего?". «Сигнал». «Медуза». Archived from the original on 2022-09-11. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
  11. ^ "Кара-Мурза С. Советская цивилизация, Том 1. М.: 2005". www.kara-murza.ru.
  12. ^ "Gapminder Tool of world income statistics".
  13. ^ Patel, Dev; Sandefur, Justin; Subramanian, Arvind (February 23, 2021). "The New Era of Unconditional Convergence". Center For Global Development.
  14. ^ Kremer, Michael; Willis, Jack; You, Yang (November 2021). "Converging to Convergence". Working Paper Series. New York City: National Bureau for Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w29484.
  15. ^ "Mineral resource exhaustion is just a myth: study". phys.org. April 28, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  16. ^ Arndt, Nicholas T.; Fontboté, Lluís; Hedenquist, Jeffrey W.; Kesler, Stephen E.; Thompson, John F.H.; Wood, Dan G. (April 2017). "Future Global Mineral Resources". Geochemical Perspectives Letters. 6 (1).
  17. ^ Pretis, Felix; Hepburn, Cameron; Pfeiffer, Alexander; Teytelboym, Alexander (May 25, 2023). "Are We Running Out of Exhaustible Resources?". ssrn.com. SSRN 4457854.
  18. ^ "Can Earth support 4 billion people sustainably and well?".
  19. ^ "Top Russian official blasts Anglo-Saxon doctrine of 'select few entitled to prosperity'". TASS. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  20. ^ "Russia's war on Ukraine: Forcibly displaced Ukrainian children | Think Tank | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  21. ^ Episkopos, Mark (2022-06-18). "Putin Declares End of the 'Unipolar World'". The National Interest. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  22. ^ А. Архипова (2023-01-11). "Бункерный бред - Депутаты, силовики, министры и даже президент России всё чаще обращаются к теориям заговора для объяснения происходящих событий. И что ужаснее всего — сами в них верят". Новая газета Европа. Archived from the original on 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  23. ^ "Выступление на деловом саммите АТЭС «Бизнес и глобализация»". Президент России (in Russian). 2000-11-15. Archived from the original on 2022-09-11. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
  24. ^ Сухарев, Дмитрий (2023-03-01). "Перед посланием. Самолет друзей Путина Ковальчуков прилетал на Валдай". Радио Свобода. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17. В 2015 году Михаил Ковальчук выступил перед Советом Федерации с докладом о золотом миллиарде, пытающемся поработить мир, и генетических экспериментах по выведению "служебного человека" – подвида Homo sapiens. Позднее эти теории в том или ином виде начали появляться в выступлениях Путина
  25. ^ Глеб Иванов (2022-05-24). "«Правда на нашей стороне». Николай Патрушев — о сроках спецоперации". AiF (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2022-09-16. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
  26. ^ "Сергей Лавров в ООН: однополярная модель мира уходит в прошлое". Новости ООН (in Russian). 2022-09-24. Archived from the original on 2022-09-25. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
  27. ^ "Путин постоянно говорит, что борется с неким «золотым миллиардом». А это вообще кто? Опять англосаксы?". Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2022-11-09. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
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