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The Cherry Orchard

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For other uses, see The Cherry Orchard (disambiguation).
The Cherry Orchard
Scene from Act 3 of the original Moscow Art Theatre production
Written byAnton Chekhov
Date premiered1904
Place premieredMoscow Art Theatre
Original languageRussian
GenreDrama

The Cherry Orchard (Russian: Вишнёвый сад, romanized: Vishnyovyi sad) is the last play by Russian playwright Anton Chekhov. Written in 1903, it was first published by Znaniye (Book Two, 1904),[1] and came out as a separate edition later that year in Saint Petersburg, via A.F. Marks Publishers.[2] On 17 January 1904, it opened at the Moscow Art Theatre in a production directed by Konstantin Stanislavski. Chekhov described the play as a comedy, with some elements of farce, though Stanislavski treated it as a tragedy. Since its first production, directors have contended with its dual nature. It is often identified as one of the three or four outstanding plays by Chekhov, along with The Seagull, Three Sisters, and Uncle Vanya.[3]

The play revolves around an aristocratic Russian landowner who returns to her family estate (which includes a large and well-known cherry orchard) just before it is auctioned to pay the mortgage. Unresponsive to offers to save the estate, she allows its sale to the son of a former serf; the family leaves to the sound of the cherry orchard being cut down. The story presents themes of cultural futility – both the futile attempts of the aristocracy to maintain its status and of the bourgeoisie to find meaning in its new-found materialism.[citation needed] It dramatizes the socioeconomic forces in Russia at the turn of the 20th century, including the rise of the middle class after the abolition of serfdom in the mid-19th century and the decline of the power of the aristocracy.[4]

Widely regarded as a classic of 20th-century theatre,[citation needed] the play has been translated and adapted into many languages and produced around the world. Major theatre directors have staged it, including Charles Laughton, Peter Brook, Andrei Șerban, Jean-Louis Barrault, Tyrone Guthrie, Katie Mitchell, Robert Falls, and Giorgio Strehler. It has influenced many other playwrights, including Eugene O'Neill, George Bernard Shaw, David Mamet, and Arthur Miller.

Characters

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The spelling of character names depends on the transliteration used.

Konstantin Stanislavski as Leonid Gayev, c. 1922
  • Madame Lyubov Andreievna Ranevskaya – a landowner. Ranyevskaya is the linchpin around which the other characters revolve. A commanding and popular figure, she represents the pride of the old aristocracy, now fallen on hard times. Her confused feelings of love for her old home and sorrow at the scene of her son's death, give her an emotional depth that keeps her from devolving into a mere aristocratic grotesque. Most of her humor comes from her inability to understand financial or business matters.
  • Peter Trofimov – a student and Anya's friend. Trofimov is depicted as an "eternal" (in some translations, "wandering") student. An impassioned left-wing political commentator, he represents the rising tide of reformist political opinion in Russia, which struggled to find its place within the authoritarian Czarist autocracy.
  • Boris Borisovich Simeonov-Pishchik – a landowner and another old aristocrat whose estate has hit hard times. He is constantly discussing new business ventures that may save him and badgering Ranyevskaya for a loan. His character embodies the irony of the aristocracy's position: despite his financial peril, he spends the play relaxing and socializing with the Gayevs.
  • Anya – Lyubov's daughter, aged seventeen. She journeys to Paris to rescue her mother from her desperate situation. She is a virtuous and strong young woman. She is close to Trofimov and listens to his revolutionary ideas, although she may or may not be taking them in.
  • Varya – Lyubov's adopted daughter, aged twenty-four. Varya is the one who manages the estate and keeps everything in order. She is the rock that holds the family together. The reason why Ranevskaya adopted her is never made clear, although she is mentioned to have come from "simple people" (most likely serfs). Varya fantasizes about becoming a nun, though she lacks the financial means to do so. She adores her mother and sister and frets about money constantly. Her relationship with Lopakhin is a mysterious one; everyone in the play assumes that they are about to be married, but neither of them acts on it.
  • Leonid Andreieveitch Gayev – the brother of Madame Ranevskaya. One of the more obvious comic characters, Gayev is a talkative eccentric. His addiction to billiards (often manifesting itself at times of discomfort) is symbolic of the aristocracy's decadent life of leisure, which renders them impotent in the face of change. Gayev tries hard to save his family and estate, but ultimately, as an aristocrat, he either lacks the drive or doesn't understand the real-world mechanisms necessary to realize his goals.
  • Yermolai Alexeievitch Lopakhin – a merchant. Lopakhin is by far the wealthiest character in the play, but comes from the lowest social class, as his father was a peasant and his grandfather was a serf. This contrast defines his character: he enjoys living the high life, but at the same time is uncomfortably conscious of his low beginnings and obsession with business. He is often portrayed on stage as an unpleasant character because of his greedy tendencies and ultimate betrayal of the Gayev family, but there is nothing in the play to suggest this: he works strenuously to help the Gayevs but to no avail. Lopakhin represents the new middle class in Russia, one of many threats to the old aristocratic way of doing things.
  • Charlotta Ivanovna – a governess. By far the most eccentric character, Charlotta is the only governess the Gayevs can afford and is a companion for Anya. She is a melancholy figure, raised by a German woman without any real knowledge of who her circus entertainer parents were. She performs card tricks and ventriloquism at the party in the third act and accepts the loss of her station when the family disbands with pragmatism.
  • Yepikhodov – a clerk. The Gayev's estate clerk is another source of comedy. He is unfortunate and clumsy in the extreme, earning him the insulting nickname "Twenty-Two Calamities" (the nickname varies between translations) mostly invoked by Yasha. He considers himself to be in love with Dunyasha, whom he has asked to marry him.
  • Dunyasha – a housemaid. Like Lopakhin, she is another example of social mobility in Russia at the time. A peasant who is employed as the Gayev's chambermaid, Dunyasha is an attention seeker, making big scenes and dressing as a lady to show herself off. She is in some respects representative of the aristocracy's impotence, as a lowly chambermaid would not in the past have had the freedom to dress like a lady and flirt with the menservants. Although pursued romantically by Yepikhodov, she is in love with Yasha, attracted to the culture he has picked up in Paris.
  • Firs – a manservant, aged 87. An aging eccentric, Firs considers the emancipation of the Russian serfs a disaster and talks nostalgically of the old days when everybody admired their masters and owners, such as Gayev's parents and grandparents. His senility is a source of much of the play's poignancy, symbolizing the decay of the old order into muttering madness.
  • Yasha – a young manservant, accompanying Lyubov on her way back from Paris and desperate to return. Yasha represents the new, disaffected Russian generation, who dislike the staid old ways and who will be the footsoldiers of the revolution. A rude, inconsiderate and predatory young man, Yasha, like Dunyasha and Charlotta, is the best the Gayevs can afford. He toys with the girlish affections of Dunyasha, the maid.
  • A Stranger – a passer-by who encounters the Gayevs as they laze around on their estate during Act II. He is symbolic of the intrusion of new ideologies and social movements that infringed on the aristocracy's peace in Russia at the turn of the 20th century.
  • The Stationmaster and The Postmaster – Both officials attend the Gayevs' party in Act III. Although they both play minor roles (the Stationmaster attempts to recite a poem, and the Postmaster flirts with Dunyasha), they are mostly symbols of the deprecation of the aristocracy in 1900s Russia – Firs comments that, whereas once they had barons and lords at the ball, now it's the postman and the stationmaster, and even they come only to be polite.
  • Grisha – The son of Lyubov, drowned many years ago before her sojourn to Paris. She is reminded of his existence through the presence of Trofimov, who was his tutor.
  • Guests, servants, and others.

Plot

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Act 1

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The play opens on a day in May in the nursery of Lyubov Andreyevna Ranevskaya's home in the provinces of Russia, at the start of the 20th century. Ranevskaya has been living in France since her young son drowned. After she had tried to kill herself, Ranevskaya's 17-year-old daughter Anya and Anya's governess Charlotta Ivanovna have brought her home to Russia, accompanied by Yasha, Ranevskaya's valet. Upon returning, they are met by Lopakhin, Dunyasha, Varya (who has overseen the estate in Ranevskaya's absence), Ranevskaya's brother Gayev, Boris Simeonov-Pishchik, Semyon Yepikhodov, and Firs.

Lopakhin has come to remind Ranevskaya and Gayev that their estate, including the cherry orchard, will be auctioned soon to pay off the family's debts. He proposes to save the estate by allowing part of it to be developed into summer cottages; however, this would require the destruction of the cherry orchard, which is nationally known for its size.

Ranevskaya is enjoying the view of the orchard as day breaks, when she is surprised by Peter Trofimov, a young student and former tutor of Ranevskaya's dead son, Grisha. Trofimov had insisted on seeing Ranevskaya upon her return, and she is grief-stricken at the reminder of this tragedy. After Ranevskaya retires for the evening, Anya confesses to Varya that their mother is heavily in debt. They all go to bed with the hope that the estate will be saved and the cherry orchard preserved. Trofimov stares after the departing Anya in adoration.

Act 2

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Act II takes place outdoors near the orchard. Yepikhodov and Yasha vie for the affection of Dunyasha by singing and playing guitar while Charlotta soliloquizes about her life. In Act I it was revealed that Yepikhodov proposed to Dunyasha at Easter; however, she has become infatuated with the more "cultured" Yasha. Charlotta leaves so that Dunyasha and Yasha might have some time alone, but that is interrupted when they hear their employer coming. Yasha shoos Dunyasha away to avoid being caught, and Ranevskaya, Gayev, and Lopakhin appear, once more discussing the uncertain fate of the cherry orchard. Soon Anya, Varya, and Trofimov arrive as well. Lopakhin teases Trofimov for being a perpetual student, and Trofimov espouses his philosophy of work and useful purpose, to the delight and humour of everyone around. During their conversations, a disheveled beggar passes by; Ranevskaya gives him all her money, despite his protestations of Varya. Shaken by the disturbance, the family departs for dinner. Anya stays behind to talk with Trofimov, who disapproves of Varya, reassuring Anya that they are 'above love'. To impress Trofimov, Anya vows to leave the past behind her and start a new life. The two depart for the river as Varya calls in the background.

Act 3

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It is the end of August, and Ranevskaya's party is held. Musicians play as the family and guests drink and entertain themselves. It is also the day of the auction; Gayev has received a paltry amount of money from his and Ranevskaya's aunt, and the family members, despite the general merriment around them, are anxious while they wait for news. Varya worries about paying the musicians and scolds their neighbor Pishchik for drinking, Dunyasha for dancing, and Yepikhodov for playing billiards. Charlotta performs magic tricks. Ranevskaya scolds Trofimov for his teasing of Varya, whom he refers to as "Madame Lopakhin". She then urges Varya to marry Lopakhin, but Varya demurs, reminding her that it is Lopakhin's duty to ask for her hand in marriage, not the other way around. She says that if she had money she would move as far away as possible. Alone with Ranevskaya, Trofimov insists that she finally face the fact that the house and orchard will be sold at auction. Ranevskaya shows him a telegram she has received and reveals that her former lover is ill and has begged her to return to Paris. She is seriously considering this, despite his cruel behaviour to her in the past. Trofimov is stunned at this; they argue about the nature of love and their respective experiences. Trofimov leaves, but falls down the stairs off-stage and is carried in by the others. Ranevskaya laughs and forgives him for his folly and the two reconcile. Anya enters with a rumour that the estate has been sold. Lopakhin arrives with Gayev, both of them exhausted from the trip and the day's events. Gayev is distant and goes to bed without saying a word of the outcome of the auction. When Ranevskaya asks who bought the estate, Lopakhin reveals that he is the purchaser, and intends to chop down the orchard. Ranevskaya, distraught, clings to Anya, who reassures her that the future will be better now.

Act 4

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Several weeks later the family's belongings are being packed as the family prepares to leave the estate. Trofimov enters, and he and Lopakhin exchange opposing world views. Lopakhin does not propose to Varya. Anya enters and reprimands Lopakhin for ordering his workers to begin chopping down the cherry orchard while the family is still there; Lopakhin apologises and rushes out to stop them for the time being, in the hopes that he will be somehow reconciled with the family. Charlotta enters, lost and in a daze, and insists that the family find her a new position. Ranevskaya bids her old life goodbye and leaves as the house is shut up forever. In the gloom, Firs wanders into the room and discovers that they have left without him and boarded him inside the abandoned house to die. He lies down and resigns himself to this fate. The sound of axes cutting down trees is heard off-stage.

Themes

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One of the main themes of the play is the effect social change has on people. The emancipation of the serfs on 19 February 1861 by Alexander II allowed former serfs to gain wealth and status while some aristocrats were becoming impoverished, unable to tend their estates without the cheap labor of slavery. The effect of these reforms was still being felt when Chekhov was writing forty years after the mass emancipation.[5]

Chekhov originally intended the play as a comedy (indeed, the title page of the work refers to it as such), and in letters noted that it is, in places, almost farcical.[6] When he saw the original Moscow Art Theatre production directed by Konstantin Stanislavski, he was horrified to find that the director had moulded the play into a tragedy. Ever since that time, productions have had to struggle with this dual nature of the play (and of Chekhov's works in general).[citation needed] Ranevskaya's failure to address the problems facing her estate and family means that she eventually loses almost everything, and her fate can be seen as a criticism of those people who are unwilling to adapt to the new Russia. Her petulant refusal to accept the truth of her past, in both life and love, is her downfall throughout the play. She ultimately runs between her life in Paris and in Russia (she arrives from Paris at the start of the play and returns there afterwards). She is a woman who lives in an illusion of the past (often reliving memories about her son's death, etc.). The speeches by the student Trofimov, attacking intellectuals were later seen as early manifestations of Bolshevik ideas and his lines were often censored by the Tsarist officials. Cherry trees themselves are often seen as symbols of sadness or regret at the passing away of a certain situation or of the times in general.

The idea of independence and freedom is relevant to the positions of Firs and Lopakhin. Firs has been with the estate for decades, and all he has ever known is to serve his masters. When the news of the orchard being sold breaks, Firs seems unfazed, and continues to carry out his duties, but is unable to find his independence and freedom; Lopakhin was able to "free" himself, in the sense that he was able to find motivation to keep on going. Even though the two are polar opposites on the social ladder, they both have internal struggles regarding what their life is going to be after the orchard is chopped down.[7]

Production history

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Theatre

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Initial 1904 production

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The play opened on 17 January 1904, the director's birthday, at the Moscow Art Theatre under the direction of the actor-director Konstantin Stanislavski. During rehearsals, the structure of act two was re-written. Famously contrary to Chekhov's wishes, Stanislavski's version was, by and large, a tragedy. Chekhov disliked the Stanislavski production intensely, concluding that Stanislavski had "ruined" his play. In one of many letters on the subject, Chekhov would complain, "Anya, I fear, should not have any sort of tearful tone ... Not once does my Anya cry, and nowhere do I speak of a tearful tone; in the second act, there are tears in their eyes, but the tone is happy and lively. Why did you speak in your telegram about so many tears in my play? Where are they? ... Often you will find the words "through tears," but I am describing only the expression on their faces, not tears. And in the second act there is no graveyard."[8] The playwright's wife Olga Knipper played Madame Ranevskaya in the original Moscow Art Theatre production, as well as in the 300th production of the play by the theatre in 1943.

Although critics at the time were divided in their response to the play, the debut was a resounding theatrical success, and the play was almost immediately presented in many of the important provincial cities. This success was not confined only to Russia, as the play was soon seen abroad with great acclaim as well. Shortly after the play's debut, Chekhov departed for Germany due to his worsening health, and by July 1904, he was dead.

The modest and newly urbanized audiences attending pre-revolutionary performances at S. V. Panin's People's House in Saint Petersburg reportedly cheered as the cherry orchard was felled on stage.[9]

Other productions in the 20th century

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21st century

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  • The Steppenwolf Theatre Company (Chicago, Illinois) performed a version that was translated by its Associate Artistic Director, Curt Columbus, and directed by ensemble member Tina Landau. The play premiered on 4 November 2004 and ran until 5 March 2005 at the Upstairs Theatre. Appearing in the performance were Robert Breuler, Francis Guinan, Amy Morton, Yasen Peyankov, Rondi Reed, Anne Adams, Guy Adkins, Chaon Cross, Leonard Kraft, Julian Martinez, Ned Noyes, Elizabeth Rich, Ben Viccellio, and Chris Yonan.[30]
  • The Atlantic Theatre Company (New York City) in 2005 produced a new adaptation of The Cherry Orchard by Tom Donaghy, where much more of the comedy was present as the playwright had originally intended.[31]
  • A production of the play starring Annette Bening as Ranevskaya and Alfred Molina as Lopakhin, translated by Martin Sherman and directed by Sean Mathias, opened at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles in February 2006.[32]
  • The Huntington Theatre Company[33] at Boston University produced a version in January 2007 using Richard Nelson's translation, directed by Nicholas Martin with Kate Burton as Madame Ranevskaya, Joyce Van Patten as Charlotta Ivanovna, and Dick Latessa as Firs.[34]
  • Libby Appel adapted and directed the play in 2007 for her farewell season as artistic director of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival (Ashland, Oregon). The new translation, based on an original literal translation by Allison Horsley, is considered to be "strongly Americanized".[35]
  • A version of the play was performed as the opening production on the Chichester Festival Theatre Stage in May–June 2008, with a cast including Dame Diana Rigg, Frank Finlay, Natalie Cassidy, Jemma Redgrave and Maureen Lipman.[36]
  • In 2009, a new version of the play by Tom Stoppard was performed as the first production of The Bridge Project, a partnership between North American and UK theatres. The play ran at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Sam Mendes directed the production with a cast including Simon Russell Beale, Sinéad Cusack, Richard Easton, Rebecca Hall and Ethan Hawke.[37]
  • A brand new adaptation of the play was produced by the Blackeyed Theatre in spring 2009 as a UK tour, with a cast of four.[38]
  • A new adaptation was commissioned by the Brighton Festival and performed by the Dreamthinkspeak group.[39] They renovated the old co-op home-store on the London Road using the whole store as a stage. They renamed it Before I Sleep and said it was inspired by the original play. It received positive reviews from both The Guardian[40] and The Independent[41] newspapers.
  • In April 2010 at the Royal Lyceum Theatre in Edinburgh the Scottish playwright John Byrne staged a new version of the play as a Scottish 'social comedy', taking place in 1979 Scotland.[42]
  • The National Theatre in London staged a new version starring Zoë Wanamaker from May to August 2011, reuniting director Howard Davies with writer Andrew Upton,[43] which was also shown at cinemas internationally through National Theatre Live.[44]
  • The Theatre Workshop of Nantucket staged a new adaptation and translation of Chekhov's Cherry Orchard set on Nantucket in 1972. The play premiered on 14 September 2012. It was directed by Anne Breeding and Gregory Stroud, and translated and adapted by Gregory Stroud.[45]
  • The Stage Center Theatre at Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, presented a new version of The Cherry Orchard, adapted and directed by Dan Wirth, in October, 2013.[46]
  • PK Productions will premiere a new version of The Cherry Orchard in November 2014 at the New Wimbledon Theatre.[47] Adapted by director Patrick Kennedy, the production updates the setting to London in 1976.[48]
  • Clemence Williams directed New Theatre (Sydney) production of David Mamet's adaptation 26 April – 28 May 2016 with an original musical score by Eliza Scott.[49]
  • Roundabout Theatre Company presented a new adaptation by Stephen Karam on Broadway at the American Airlines Theatre, starring Diane Lane as Ranevskaya. Previews began on 15 September 2016, with opening night on 16 October. The production was directed by Simon Godwin, with scenic design by Scott Pask, costume design by Michael Krass, lighting design by Donald Holder, sound design by Christopher Cronin, movement by Jonathan Goddard, and original music by Nico Muhly.[50][51]
  • An English language adaptation by Vinay Patel in a science fiction setting was performed at The Yard Theatre in London in 2022.[52]
  • During its 2018 season, Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the Lake, Ontario presented a world premiere of The Orchard (after Chekov).[53] Described as The Cherry Orchard transformed into the tale of a Punjabi-Sikh family fighting to hold onto their Okanagan Valley orchard, this version is based on the author Sarena Parmar’s own childhood in British Columbia. "This fresh adaptation confronts life, loss and the Canadian immigrant experience with both bravery and beauty..."[54]
  • The Moscow Pushkin Drama Theatre will be presenting their adaptation of the play with the Cherry Orchard Festival at the New York City Center in June 2020. Directed by Vladimir Mirzoev, and starring Victoria Isakova, Aleksander Petrov, Mikhail Zhigalov, and Maxim Vitorgan, and has been described as, "Visually striking, psychologically nuanced and hypnotically performed Russian staging of Chekhov's play"[55]

Television

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Film

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Other media

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Legacy

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The Cherry Orchard memorabilia at the Chekhov Gymnasium literary museum.

The Japanese manga Sakura no Sono (1985–86) and its live-action film adaptations are about a drama group in a girls-only private high school putting on a production of The Cherry Orchard.

The play has a role in the comedy film Henry's Crime (2011).

Editions

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English translations

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  • Chekhov, Anton (1994). "The Cherry Orchard". In Gilbert, Miriam; Klaus, Carl H.; Field, Jr., Bradford S. (eds.). Modern and Contemporary Drama. David Magarshack (translation). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-09077-3.
  • Chekhov, Anton (1998). The Cherry Orchard. Stephen Mulrine (translation). London: Nick Hern Books. ISBN 978-1-85459-412-9.
  • Chekhov, Anton (2015). The Cherry Orchard. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (translation). New York: Theatre Communications Group. ISBN 9781559364843.
  • Chekhov, Anton (2016). The Cherry Orchard. Stephen Karam and Alison Horsley (translation). New York: Theatre Communications Group. ISBN 9781559365512. OCLC 1013526785.

References

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  1. ^ "Сборник товарищества «Знание» за 1903 год". Книга вторая. СПб., 1904, стр. 29—105. Подпись: А. Чехов.
  2. ^ Commentaries to Вишневый сад Archived 2017-05-31 at the Wayback Machine. The Complete Chekhov in 30 Volumes. Vol. 13. // Чехов А. П. Вишневый сад: Комедия в 4-х действиях // Чехов А. П. Полное собрание сочинений и писем: В 30 т. Сочинения: В 18 т. / АН СССР. Ин-т мировой лит. им. А. М. Горького. — М.: Наука, 1974—1982. Т. 13. Пьесы. 1895—1904. — М.: Наука, 1978. — С. 195—254.
  3. ^ Harold Bloom, Genius: A Study of One Hundred Exemplary Authors.
  4. ^ Öğünç, Ömer (2017-03-20). "Anton Chekhov'un The Cherry Orchard ve John Osborne'un Look Back In Anger Oyunlarinda Sosyal Sinif Kavraminin Karşilaştirilmasi". Karadeniz. doi:10.17498/kdeniz.297873. ISSN 1308-6200.
  5. ^ A general overview of these themes, among others, can be found in: Jean-Pierre Barricelli, ed., Chekhov’s Great Plays: A Critical Anthology (New York, 1981), Richard Peace, Chekhov: A Study of the Four Major Plays (New Haven, 1983), Donald Rayfield, Understanding Chekhov: A Critical Study of Chekhov’s Prose and Drama (Madison, 1999).
  6. ^ Hirst, David L. Tragicomedy: Variations of melodrama: Chekhov and Shaw. London: Routledge, 1984, 83
  7. ^ GradeSaver. "The Cherry Orchard Themes | GradeSaver". www.gradesaver.com. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  8. ^ Gregory Stroud, Retrospective Revolution: A History of Time and Memory in Urban Russia, 1903–1923 (Urbana-Champaign, 2006), 63–4.
  9. ^ Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989), 63.
  10. ^ "The Stage Society", The Stage, 1 June 1911, p. 22
  11. ^ Barda and Benoît, p. 6
  12. ^ "Moscow Art Players", Times Union, 9 May 1924, p. 14
  13. ^ Farjeon, Herbert. "The Cherry Orchard in Hammersmith", The Sphere, 6 June 1925, p. 298
  14. ^ "The Cherry Orchard", Oxford Chronicle, 18 September 1925, p. 12
  15. ^ "The Playhouse", Oxford Chronicle, 22 May 1925, p. 13
  16. ^ "The Cherry Orchard", The Brooklyn Daily Times, 6 March 1928, p. 86
  17. ^ a b "The Old Vic", The Stage, 12 October 1933, p. 10
  18. ^ "The Cherry Orchard", Royal Shakespeare Company archive. Retrieved 20 December 2024
  19. ^ Sperdakos, Paula (1998-01-01). "Acting in Canada: Frances Hyland, Kate Reid, Martha Henry and the Stratford Festival's 1965 The Cherry Orchard". Theatre Research in Canada / Recherches théâtrales au Canada. 19 (1). doi:10.3138/tric.19.1.35. ISSN 1913-9101.
  20. ^ "The Cherry Orchard", National Theatre archive. Retrieved 20 December 2024
  21. ^ "'The Cherry Orchard' Listing" ibdb, Retrieved 18 November 2011
  22. ^ "The Cherry Orchard", National Theatre archive. Retrieved 20 December 2024
  23. ^ Miles, p. 247
  24. ^ Gottlieb, p. 255
  25. ^ "The Cherry Orchard", National Theatre archive. Retrieved 20 December 2024
  26. ^ "Ontario's Stratford Festival: Shakespeare has to settle for supporting role". Christian Science Monitor. 1987-07-23. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
  27. ^ Friedlander, Mira (1998-09-14). "The Cherry Orchard". Variety. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
  28. ^ Tshechof, Anton, (cyf. W. Gareth Jones) Y Gelli Geirios, (Aberystwyth, Y Ganolfan Astudiaethau Addysg, Prifysgol Aberystwyth, 2007), t.ii.
  29. ^ "The Cherry Orchard", Royal Shakespeare Company archive. Retrieved 20 December 2024
  30. ^ Phillips, Michael."Steppenwolf's capable production of Chekhov's 'Cherry Orchard' takes flight in brief, discrete moments" Chicago Tribune, 14 November 2005
  31. ^ McCarter, Jeremy."Theater Review: 'The Cherry Orchard'" New York Magazine, 18 June 2005
  32. ^ Hernandez, Ernio."Annette Bening and Alfred Molina Roam into The Cherry Orchard in L.A" playbill.com, 2 February 2006
  33. ^ "BU – CFA – School of Theatre – Huntington Theatre Company". 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  34. ^ Giuliano, Charles."Huntington Theatre's 'The Cherry Orchard' berkshirefinearts.com, 11 January 2007
  35. ^ Richter, Judy."Oregon Shakespeare Festival: 'The Cherry Orchard'" aislesay.com, accessed 19 November 2011
  36. ^ Billington, Michael."Theatre Review, 'The Cherry Orchard'"The Guardian, 25 May 2008
  37. ^ Brantley, Ben."Theater Review, 'The Chery Orchard'"The New York Times, 16 January 2009
  38. ^ "Blackeyed Theatre – Home".
  39. ^ "Before I Sleep". dreamthinkspeak. Archived from the original on 2010-05-30. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  40. ^ Brian Logan (17 May 2010). "Before I Sleep". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  41. ^ "Before I Sleep, Old Co-op Building, BrightonEurydice, Maria, Young Vic, LondonMacbeth, Globe, London". The Independent. 2010-05-09. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  42. ^ Dibdin, Thom."Review, 'The Cherry Orchard' "The Stage, 19 April 2010
  43. ^ Wolf, Matt."Chekhov's Villain Gives an Audience Someone to Root For"The New York Times, 31 May 2011
  44. ^ "National Theatre Live, 'The Cherry Orchard'" Archived 2012-01-01 at the Wayback Machine nationaltheatre.org.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2011
  45. ^ "Taking Nantucket To Chekhov".
  46. ^ "Cherry Orachard (includes director's notes on the play, production still photographs, and related information". orion.neiu.edu. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  47. ^ "Radical new adaptation of The Cherry Orchard: Britain 1976". 13 August 2014.
  48. ^ BWW News Desk. "PK Productions to Stage New Adaptation of THE CHERRY ORCHARD, 3–8 November".
  49. ^ "THE CHERRY ORCHARD – New Theatre Sydney". 24 May 2017.
  50. ^ "The Cherry Orchard". Roundabout Theatre Company. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  51. ^ Viagas, Robert (16 October 2016). "See What the Critics Said About 'The Cherry Orchard' on Broadway". Playbill.
  52. ^ "The Cherry Orchard". theyardtheatre.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-08-27. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  53. ^ "Shaw Festival's Chekhov-inspired familial tale builds a legacy of its own | The Star". thestar.com. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  54. ^ "The Orchard (After Chekhov) – Shaw Festival Theatre". Shaw Festival Theatre. Archived from the original on 2018-10-29. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  55. ^ "The Cherry Orchard". NYCityCenter. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  56. ^ "TV Times". www.sundaytimes.lk. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  57. ^ "BBC Radio 3 - Drama on 3, The Cherry Orchard". BBC. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
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  59. ^ Brunner, Jeryl (June 23, 2022). "Working in this cutting edge fifth dimension of theater Jessica Hecht discovered unexpected magic". Forbes.

Sources

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